The Role Of Husband And Wife In The Middle Ages :: essays research papers

Numerous leaflets and books were composed during the reconstruction period which disclosed how to be a decent spouse or husband. As of now there was a far reaching change in the manner individuals saw the jobs of married couples.      Reformation scholars accepted that the job of the man in a marriage was to think about the requirements of his family by accommodating their haven, food, and security. The job of the lady in the marriage was to help the male, deal with the family unit, and bring up the kids. Neither the male or the female were viewed as higher than the other in the marriage. As Ozment states in When Fathers Ruled, the spouse's obligations were to guarantee his families prosperity and to govern over his family and hirelings with a firm hand.1 The terrible husband was one that had no restraint in light of the fact that without poise the husband couldn't accommodate the family appropriately. An awful spouse was one who didn't have the foggiest idea or regard her place in the family. Ozment composes that numerous reformer scholars accepted that the spouse ought to have the standard in the family unit. This is on the grounds that " a spouse requir ed appropriate reverence... Due to her apparent physical and touchy shortcoming, contrasted with men; charitableness, persistence, and abstinence befitted the prevalent nature and position of men."2 Reformation masterminds accepted that couple were on the most part equivalent with the male heading the family unit as a result of his more grounded attributes.      The thoughts of the renewal scholars on the jobs of a couple vary here and there to the thoughts of their jobs today. According to some the man is as yet the leader of the family. All the more so the spouse is viewed as a figure head in the present family. The man supposedly has the force in a relationship yet in actuality the intensity of both a couple is generally equivalent. In certain occurrences the lady is considered to have more state or control over the family. In present occasions more ladies are going out into the activity fields and making as much as though not more cash then their spouses. In this pith the jobs of a couple have exchanged since that of the reconstruction time. Today what makes an awful spouse is a lot of equivalent to it was in the reconstruction time.

Constitutional law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Protected law - Essay Example The likelihood of getting ready laws to secure American residents will be constrained if the Elected Officials wellbeing isn't given in the constitution. Fundamentally, implementation of laws, for example, those of earlier oversight or earlier restriction to ensure residents is offered on the Elected Officials. Correspondingly, nonappearance of such laws will result into subjects moving toward their delegate and present their observation over specific issues. Along these lines, laws, for example, earlier restriction or earlier limitations have been specified to guarantee distributers to stay responsible for any distributions or correspondence. Limitation of hearing and conveyance of controlled material is given under the earlier restriction. In any case, a few districts, for example, Argentina and U. S force endorses after correspondence of this material. Various cases have been utilized to assert this situation of the law (Thomas and dale 1). They incorporate Near Vs Minnesota (1931 ) Near was sentenced for distributing a vindictive, notorious, and disparaging article against Charles G. Davis, an uncommon law requirement official. Subsequently, the litigant was restricted from distributing any sort of paper. Despite the fact that the rule to stifle open irritation of periodicals and paper is fundamental it brings up issues of grave essentialness that rises above nearby intrigue s involved in a specific activity. In any case, the decision depended on the bizarre and ill-conceived way the respondent looked to execute his craving. Further, more work is brought out through the 1971 New York Times Co. V. US case. For this situation, a court order was given to forestall distribution of an article rather archive that would jeopardize the nation’s security (Thomas and dale 1). I accept the earlier restriction was legitimate since the principal revision was total. Thus, the 1993 case Hill v. Colorado certifies the limitation of distribution or going of leaflets t o state authorities. Limitation of fights around premature birth facilities came about into the 100-foot sweep support zone. As I would see it, this enactment works in insurance of the state authorities. In this manner, I trust it merits inferring that it is unlawful for any person to hand any type of distribution or distribute any data that imperils the wellbeing of a country of state authorities (Epstein 45). Question 2 I accept the understudies are allowed to hold their service at the school’s graduation square as arranged. Concerning Lee v. Weismen legal dispute, the understudies club had earlier information on their privileges along these lines their gatherings in a space to utilize offices after school was supported. The decision endorsed churches to lead supplications during graduation. Thus, unobtrusive strict pressure developed because of infringement of the Establishment provision. I think affirmation about the nearness of a preeminent is fundamental along these lin es; their longing to hold a different graduation is reasonable. As I would see it, the choice of not going to the graduation service pardons any compulsion or prompting in the function itself is disposed of. In the present society, secondary school graduation is a critical event; in this manner, no understudy is allowed to missing oneself from the activity in any genuine feeling of the expression intentional. moreover, not dispositive is the question that petitions are a basic piece of these functions in light of the fact that for some individuals

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Write My Short Story Essay 24/7 - Writing Service Short Story Essay Writing Service Home›Short Story Essay Writing ServiceShort Story Analysis Essay Assistance from Professional WritersIf you have been assigned a short story analysis essay but do not know how to handle it, you need to define for yourself what a short story writing actually is. As it can be inferred from the title, short story writing relates to providing an essay based on some assigned short story. Short story essay writing may be really easier than essay writing based on some long novels. Still, if literature is not your thing, you might probably need Write my short story essay professional help. A good thing about short story essay writing is that you will not have to spend a lot of time on the very process of reading. Even if the assigned short story is boring, be sure that you will be able to handle it.Short story essay writing can be so inspiring if you know how to do it right.  But if you dont? We recommend you not to wait for motivation or inspiration.  We can write an excellent custom short story analysis essay right now. (Only Reliable Payment Systems)So, what is the very short story?It is a short literary work (normally prose), which focuses on a specific event, character or occurrence. The time frame of this even is usually limited â€" the short story may even focus on an event that happens during a few hours or a day. Despite the fact, the short story may have some deep meaning that you will have to analyze in your short story essay. Moreover, apart from knowledge and understanding of the short story, you also to be well-versed in the literary devices in order to provide a comprehensive analysis.

Characteristics of Nigerian English - 1941 Words

Historia de la Lengua Inglesa – Aà ±o: 2011 Segundo parcial: domiciliario NIGERIAN ENGLISH Berardi, Lucà ­a Introduction As Jennifer Jenkins states in her resource book World Englishes â€Å"... there are approximately seventy-five territories where English is spoken either as a first language (L1), or as an official (i.e institutionalised) second language (L2) in fields such as government, law and education.†[1] There were two dispersals or diasporas of English that contributed to this. The first diaspora took place during the 17th century. It involved the migration of English people mainly to America and Australia, and resulted in new mother-tongue varieties if English. The second dispersal took place during the†¦show more content†¦Therefore, SE is the direct predecessor of today’s Nigerian English. Features of Nigerian English Despite these varieties, Nigerian English has developed distinct phonetic, phonological, lexical and syntactic characteristics. These are quite stable and therefore, they are not considered to be ‘deviations’ from the native norm. This is the reason why Nigerian language experts see an urgent need to codify NE. Below, I included some of the features: †¢ Phonological features: - Since most Nigerian languages do not have dental fricative sounds, Nigerian English speakers tend to substitute English [t] for [Ã" ¨] and [d] for [à °]. For ex.: BE (British English) NE THIN [ÃŽ ¸Ã‰ ªn] [tÉ ªn] THIS [à °Ã‰ ªz] [dÉ ªz] - Consonant clusters are not sounded and either one consonant is dropped or a vowel is inserted in between. For ex.: LIST = /lÉ ªs/ ARRANGEMENT = /É™reÉ ªngÉ ªmÉ™n/ - The difference between [i:] and [I], [u:] and [Ï…], [×›:] and [É’] is hardly observed by NE speakers since there is no meaning distinction with vowel length. †¢ Lexical features: - At this level, it is noticeable that there are transfers from the local languages (especially from the major ones: Yoruba, Igbo and Hausa) and mostly in these areas: music, clothing, indigenous foods, traditional religious beliefs, local institutions,Show MoreRelatedLeadership Is A Process Of Interaction Between People1433 Words   |  6 Pagesare nine numbers separately from China and Nigerian, one is far east asian country and one is west African country. Because we have two different cultures so the leaderships and management styles will be different. This paper is in order to illustrate the leadership and the leadership in different culture and its management style. The section two is literature review, in this section the transformational leadership, the features of Chinese and Nigerian leadership and their leadership style will beRead MoreCulture Shock Is Real, Ethnic Or Age Group1049 Words   |  5 PagesCulture can be defined as the characteristi cs of a particular social, ethnic or age group. Every country in the world has it’s own culture and beliefs that holds the nation together. Sociologists define society as the people who interact in such a way as to share a common culture. The cultural bond may be ethnic or racial, based on gender, or due to shared beliefs, values, and activities. Culture is an organized system because it ties many parts together that are interconnected to all function asRead MoreHalf of a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie1342 Words   |  6 Pagesexistence of traditional African culture through Odenigbo’s mother – who symbolizes the extreme end of traditional beliefs. When Odenigbo’s mother visits Odenigbo and Olanna at their apartment in Nsukka, she is immediately personified as the traditional Nigerian village woman. Unaccepting of modern attitudes and advancements, she â€Å"peered suspiciously at the stove, knocked on the pressure cooker and tapped the pots wit h her fingers† (Adichie 12). She criticizes Olanna for not having been breastfed, callsRead More Chinua Achebe Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesthen attended the University of Ibadan from 1948 through 1953. Following his education at the University of Ibandan Achebe earned his Bachelors Degree from London University in 1953. It was a year later when Achebe was named Talk Producer of the Nigerian Broadcasting Service. Then in 1956 Achebe began to study broadcasting at the British Broadcasting Corporation in London. (Critical Survey of Short Fiction) Finally in 1958, Achebe’s first novel, Things Fall Apart was published. (Albany) FollowingRead MoreChinua Achebe s Things Fall Apart1041 Words   |  5 Pagesintroduced in the most fundamental of manners. While the English reader explores the culture of Nigeria in the first several chapters it is evident that their culture is a major literary element for developing the characters and settings of the novel. Achebe uses the ele ment of culture in order to explain his culture foremost and then that the Nigerians are maybe not so different from the Western World after all. Achebe writes to display that the Nigerians are evidently not the savages that the majority ofRead MoreThe Learning And Use Of The Foreign Language1692 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaningfully after exposure to these textbooks. This has been a major concern to me as an educational specialist and other lovers of French language education in Nigeria. Hence the desire to examine selected recommended French language text books in some Nigerian schools. Generally, in the past, the primary aim of language teaching/learning was the mastery of the grammatical system. However, language teaching is now undergoing an era of communication phase as against teaching as a subject based on grammarRead MoreThe Common Health Tradition Of Different Cultures Based On Cultural Heritage1162 Words   |  5 Pagesrestoration will be developed based on the health needs of these families. The findings will be based on a heritage assessment of three different families within the New York area; Guyanese, Indian (Sikh) and African (Nigerian). â€Å"Traditional medicine has a broad range of characteristics and elements of which herbal medicine is an integral part. They are diverse health practicess, approaches, applied knowledge and beliefs that incorporate plant, animal and or mineral based medicines, spiritual therapiesRead MoreChinua Achebe s Life Of Literature830 Words   |  4 Pagesreligions of the community as those, seem appealing to him through his friends. He participated in some of the traditional religion activities such as festivals and parades. Achebe in high school was exposed to the writings of several authors, most English writers probably due to the colonization of Nigeria as at that time. He carefully examined the works of Charles Dickens, Johnathan Swift, and William Shakespeare. He was fascinated with their books and novels, Achebe also read an African book writtenRead MoreAntigone Iriola Analysis1129 Words   |  5 Pagesclearly can be classified as an heir of Orlando. The story is both written by and in the perspective of a Nigerian woman. As Orlando touches upon issues of identity and misogynistic cultures, so does Unigwe. Newly-widowed Nneka was physically abused throughout the duration of her marriage to Okpala, who raped her on their wedding night and caused her to have a miscarriage. It does not appear that Nigerian culture values survivors of domestic assault, as Nneka’s experiences remain secretive. AdditionallyRead MoreHygeia International Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagescompany operating in Nigeria? c) What would you recommend that should be done on this proposal? 2. Without good policies, a business organization will have no sense of direction. a) What do you understand by policy? b) Mention and discuss the characteristics of a good and effective policy. c) What are the advantages of written policy? 3. Effective organizational performance is usually constrained by environmental factors. Identify and discuss the relevant environment in business management and

A Survivor Of Human Trafficking Essay - 2156 Words

Out of the thousands of people that have been Human Trafficking victims each year, only a small amount of them is actually reported. Imagine being in 8th grade. Having all sorts of hopes and dreams. Now flash forward to dreams being taken away by a pimp that lures people into Human Trafficking. In short, this is true for Holly Austin Smith, a survivor of human trafficking. The punishment for the pimps that ruin the lives of these young girls is not severe. Therefore, there’s not a lot of help for the girls after they get rescued from this tragedy. A realization Holly had soon on and explains, â€Å"...Although I was soon recognized to be a victim, the specialized aftercare needed for a trafficking victim did not yet exist... Twenty years ago, there were no anti-trafficking laws in place. This pimp, who raped and lured a child into prostitution, served only 365 days in jail† (Smith). This young girl had recovered from this horrible incident all by herself. Many othe r girls in her position have gone through the same thing and have been hurt by their pimp. In addition, the pimp won’t get much punishment. A sad story repeated across America and is very prominent in other countries. In America, a lot of the times victims are the ones that usually serve time in jail since in some cases it’s considered prostitution, even if it was forced by the pimp. In most cases, the pimps stay uncovered and if the victims of human trafficking come forward as to who their pimp is, they could getShow MoreRelatedA Survivor Of Human Trafficking Essay2243 Words   |  9 PagesOut of the thousands of people that have been human trafficking victims each year, only an insignificant amount of them is actually reported. Imagine being in 8th grade. Having all sorts of hopes and dreams. Now flash forward to dreams being taken away by a pimp that lures people into human trafficking. In short, this is true for Holly Austin Smith, a survivor of human trafficki ng. The punishment for the pimps that ruin the lives of these young girls is not severe. Therefore, there is not muchRead MoreI Am A Survivor Of Human Trafficking2472 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"My name is Holly Austin Smith, and I am a survivor of Human Trafficking. When I was fourteen years old, I ran away from home with a man I had met at a shopping mall in Ocean County, New Jersey. After exchanging numbers, this man called at night while my unknowing parents watched television in the living room. We talked more than once. Convincing me to runaway with him was not an overnight accomplishment. He took his time. He got to know me. He analyzed my troubles, and he asked me my dreams. I wantedRead MoreHuman Trafficking And The United States962 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can accept help without owing something back. Some survivors are too afraid because they fear their traffickers too much to accept any services. Furthermore, it aggravates victims to find out that the time is takes for cases to be prosecuted and to gain protections is very extensive. Intensifying the existing laws to better defend human trafficking victims is critical.The United States Government, in 2000, certified the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. This act helps prosecuteRead MoreHuman Trafficking And Sex Trafficking1264 Words   |  6 PagesA challenge that I took interest in is the horrifying problem that women and young girls face as victims of human trafficking and sex slavery. Women and young girls make up 98% of victims of trafficking for exploitation. Human trafficking and sex slavery is a form of modern slavery, in which traffickers profit from the control and exploitation of others. It is a multi-billion industry. Traffickers use control of others for the purpose of engaging in sexual activities and or forcing others to provideRead MoreThe Horrors of Human Trafficking 1668 Words   |  7 Pages Globally, about 20 to 30 million people are involved in the hu man trafficking system, and of those, 14,500 to 17,500 people are trafficked in the United States every year. Human trafficking is more prevalent today then ever before. It is the third largest crime internationally. People are abused and taken advantage of. According to the article, â€Å"11 Facts About Human Trafficking,† on average, a person is forced into the system around age 9, and the majority of victims are women and girls, withRead MoreThe Unjust Trade And Enslavement Of Human Beings927 Words   |  4 Pagesunjustified trade and enslavement of human beings is known as human trafficking. Traffic victims are most times compelled to sell their freedom, and are subject to coercive subjugation. Human trafficking occurs throughout the United States and globally. Trafficking of person is driven by high profits and low risk, as traffickers generate billions of dollars yearly, and a low chance of the activities of traffickers been discovered by appropriate authorities. Traff icking of humans ultimately has grave consequencesRead MoreProtecting The Victims Of Human Trafficking Essay1676 Words   |  7 Pages Protecting the Victims Most people confuse the term human trafficking with human smuggling. Human smuggling is business transaction between two willing parties involving movement across borders, usually by illegal means. Human trafficking is the illegal movement of people, typically for the purposes of forced labor or commercial sexual exploitation. According to the Global Rescue Relief website, â€Å"The United States Department of State estimates that 800,000 women, children and men are internationallyRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1244 Words   |  5 Pages Human trafficking Around the world human trafficking happens around us without us noticing or realising what is happening. Modern-day slavery exists around the world and it is known today as human trafficking or trafficking in persons. So, what is human trafficking and why don t many people seek for help or go to athoughty ? Well human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Every year millionsRead MoreHuman Trafficking : Modern Day Slavery1228 Words   |  5 Pages Around the world human trafficking happens around us without us noticing or realising what is happening. Modern-day slavery exists around the world and it is known today as human trafficking or trafficking in persons. So, what is human trafficking and why don t many people seek for help or go to athoughty ? Well human trafficking is modern-day slavery and involves the use of force, fraud, or coercion to obtain some type of labor or commercial sex act. Every year millions of men and woman andRead MoreThere Is No Set Characteristics Of A Person Or People Who1418 Words   |  6 Pagescharacteristics of a person or people who buy human beings. Many people will pay for human beings and keep them against their will. There is a low risk and high reward when it comes to human trafficking, and that is why â€Å"it one of the most profitable criminal industries in the world† (Human Trafficking Hotline, 2107). As long as traffickers keep getting away with trafficking humans, human trafficking will continue. V. Why Do Victims Not Come Forward? â€Å"Human trafficking is a hidden crime as victims rarely

My Generation’s Greatest Challenge Free Essays

President Barack Obama once said, â€Å"All across the world†¦increasingly dangerous weather patterns and devastating storms are abruptly putting an end to the long-running debate over whether or not climate change is real. Not only is it real, it’s here, and its effects are giving rise to a frighteningly new global phenomenon: the man-made natural disaster. † The President’s words make it clear that climate change is a great challenge which must be faced, and soon. We will write a custom essay sample on My Generation’s Greatest Challenge or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, it is not the government’s job alone to deal with this crisis. Stopping climate change will be my generation’s greatest challenge. One of the reasons why climate change is such a formidable obstacle is that the needed change will come slowly. One image that comes to mind is a frog dropped into a pan of scalding water. Of course, the frog will reflexively leap away from the danger. However, if the frog is immersed in lukewarm water, and the water is slowly brought to a boil, the frog will remain and will suffer a serious penalty. My generation is the frog, and â€Å"the man-made natural disaster† is the boiling water. The inertia of the past cannot be overcome in a short time. Consequently, the drastic changes needed to combat climate change will not be effected quickly. However, time is of the essence. Society’s prompt reformation of environmentally destructive habits must be the goal if my generation wishes to subdue this serious threat. To deal with this vast challenge, education as well as reeducation must be made priorities. Not only must scientific knowledge about climate change be made readily available to young people, but the desire for improvement must be instilled in them. As harsh as it may seem, teachers need to constantly remind their students of the worldwide destruction that will ensue should young people fail to act proactively. Likewise, reeducation must provide a jolt to the older generation, shocking it out of its passive stupor and igniting passion for change. Finally, motivation will play a key role in stopping climate change. Nothing will happen if no one takes action. Balancing the welfare of the earth with personal desires is mandatory. If people ultimately decide to place their comfort above the health of the planet, it would be akin to an act of war against humanity. Thankfully, climate change can be dealt with if everyone takes small, easy steps against it. This is of paramount importance. Because the earth is the foundation of all man’s success, life without a healthy earth would not be worth living. The greatest test my generation will face is the challenge of stopping climate change. While success may not come quickly or easily, resignation to the imminent prospect of global catastrophe is to abdicate all bonds to our fellow man. Although the world may already have gone a distance down the path to destruction by climate change, there is still hope if everyone takes personal responsibility for the protection of the planet. How to cite My Generation’s Greatest Challenge, Essay examples

The Catholic Church and the Black Death in the 14th Century

Introduction Termed as Europe’s greatest ecological disaster, Black Death plague swept the continent at an amazing magnitude. Evidence shows that Black Death plague became prevalent in the West during the middle years of the 14th century[1]. Generally, when the plague struck no one knew how to prevent or treat the disease but many people resorted to bloodletting, prayers, and concoctions, which proved to be unsuccessful[2]. Estimates show that almost 50 per cent of the Europe’s population was destroyed by the disease affecting government, trade, and commerce activities, which literally came to standstill.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Catholic Church and the Black Death in the 14th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The effects of the disease for a long time affected the European society where for about 200 years; this society lived under the scary effects and implications of the disease . Religion’s role in interpreting the causes and cures for the disease became evident during this period for instance religion became a focal point in providing assurance to the people while at the same time explaining to the people that the disease did not just happen in vacuum but had a genuine cause[3]. For example, one of the earliest written tractate by James of Agramont who was a doctor in 1348 indicated that the disease had come as a result of sins people had committed against God, citing Deuteronomy 24, the doctor noted that, â€Å"God promised prosperity to those who keep his commandments, and plague to those who do not†[4]. Therefore, the essence of this research paper is to investigate the role of Catholic Church during the Black Death, specifically paying attention to the steps the church used to prevent the disease, the Flagellants and religious movements involved and lastly the effects of the disease on the Catholic Church. Religious interpretation of the Black Death Religion interpretation of the plague was that it was a punishment that God was instituting and directing to humans as a result of pride[5]. According to Konrad von Megenburg who wrote the Regensburg, human in general had become sinful and that the plague was a culmination of God’s anger to the sinful behavior of humankind[6]. The position adopted by of other writers almost indicate similarities to these earlier positions in that they view the plague to be as a result of gross wickedness of human kind and that this wickedness had increased to annihilate God’s universal principles that held the society together. At the same time, other religious sentiments have held the notion that Black Death was inevitable in order to cure the fragmentation of the society that was being witnessed together with sin that existed in large scale[7]. Medieval Christians on their part associated Black Death with the book of Revelation and its aspects of the â€Å"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse-pestilence, war, famine and death†[8]. The understanding of these Christians was that there was no much human effort could do to save or prevent the disease since it was a biblical prediction.Advertising Looking for essay on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While other were contenting with this biblical fact, other groups of Christians were of the view that the plague largely signaled the coming of Jesus Christ to reign the earth and other groups blamed women expressing a lot of pride together with Jews who were fraudsters to be responsible for the plague in Europe[9]. Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies note that European Christians viewed the Black Death to be God’s punishment for humankind due to immense sinful actions man was engaging in with his fellow Christians[10]. This view persisted for a long time although other opinions tried to postulate the role of other caus ative factors apart from religious ones. The basis of this argument is that there were many plain communal sins that took place in most societies of Europe; hence, for God to restore His glory on earth, humankind had to undergo severe punishment for his actions[11]. The greater role of religion in interpreting the causes of the plague remain evidenced in contemporary European art and literature, furthermore the chronicles of the 14th century have largely associated the occurrence of the plague to the afflictions to divine retribution for the wickedness of European society. For instance, Langland puts everything in summary and observes that, â€Å"these pestilences were for pure sin†[12]. Strategies used by the Catholic church to contain Black Death Upon the plague becoming dangerous, the church especially Catholic, which was the main church during the period, put in place some measures that intended to prevent or contain the plague. First, the church limited and regulated mov ements of people from one city to the other. This was done through laws that were established and required every citizen of the affected areas to abide and failure to do so attracted fine[13]. For instance, to avoid contracting contaminated substances anybody from the nearby cities and regions bordering Pistoia were not to be allowed into the region.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Catholic Church and the Black Death in the 14th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Violation of this law resulted into a penalty of fine amounting to 50 pounds. At the same time those given the responsibility to guard the gates were given further instruction to ensure that no one is permitted from going or coming out of Pistoia especially from severely affected cities of Pisa and Lucca[14]. Anyone flouting this additional law was required to pay a fine of 10 pounds while at the same time citizens of Pistoia contemplating or planning to travel to the affected regions were required to obtain a license from the Council of the People, which was the highest organ responsible in making decisions. The second measure instituted by the church manifested itself in a kind of order and obligatory obligation that anyone had to observe. For example, the law made it clear that no any citizen of the regions within the jurisdiction of Pistoia were to bring or participate in activities aimed at importing either linen or woolen materials that could be used as clothing by the two genders or that could be used for bedclothes. Flouting of this order or any attempt to disregard this law attracted a penalty of 200 pounds.[15] In the same measure, citizens of Pistoia coming back to the country were provided with directives in that they were only allowed to carry with them linen or woolen cloths they had on their bodies and any extra clothing was to be carried in a bag or a small parcel weighing not more than 30 pounds. Those f ound to go against this order were required to remove or export the extra clothing within a maximum of three days[16]. The third preventive measure postulated that all dead bodies were to remain in their spot untouched until when such bodies have been placed into wooden caskets and covered tightly by a closure that is secured by nails. Anybody family member or close kinsmen of the deceased found or discovered to have flouted the order were required to pay a fine of up to 50 pounds. At the same time, the dead body was to remain in the casket until when it is buried, and before any burial could take place, officials from the city of Pistoia together with rectors of the parishes found in the city were to report immediately to the government officials of the city of death cases as they occurred. They were to identify the locations in which the dead person lived and did and if any contravention of the order was found to have taken place, these officials were liable for the fine on the de ad person[17]. Immediately the report reaches the government about the dead person, the podesta or captain, in whose capacity the reporting takes place, should immediately send an official to the said location where the dead person is and ensure that all contents and other law statutes are being observed in ensuring the funeral takes place within the statutes explained and any flouting of the statutes to be punished.Advertising Looking for essay on eastern europe? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On a lighter note, the penalty prescribed in the law relaxed on those who were perceived to be poor and miserable in accordance to the declarations and statutes of the city concerning poor people[18]. The fourth law was to be implemented within precepts of ensuring bad smell from the dead bodies was not affected the general surviving population. As a law, all dead bodies were required to be buried in a ditch that was dug to a depth of 2.5 braccia and it was to be within the stated measures prescribed by the city of Pistoia[19]. At the same time, carrying dead bodies to the city of Pistoia regardless of the status, age or role of the person in society was prohibited. In addition, any person with less regards to his or her authority position was to ensure that no dead body is returned or carried back to the city of Pistoia without first being placed in a casket and upon flouting this requirement the affected individuals were required to pay a fine not less than 25 pounds. At the same time, gatekeepers from the various cities were instructed to ensure there were no such incidences of returning bodies before first being put tightly in a casket, and when any gatekeeper was found to have allowed such dead body to pass without fulfilling the requirements the affected gatekeeper was also fined[20]. The fifth law outlined and required those who had come for the burial of the deceased to avoid any conduct with the deceased body or close family members of the deceased person except and only in limited measure as to a time when procession to the church was taking place and to the burial location of the deceased. Furthermore, all people were instructed not to go back or come close to the house in which the deceased occupied before he or she died. Going against this order attracted a penalty of 10 pounds[21]. Putting more weight on this law, another additional law was constituted which required that all no any form of gift before or after burial was to be taken the deceased person place and no meals were to be served to those attending the burial except to the family members of the deceased. An abrogation of this law attracted a penalty of 25 pounds[22]. Other measures instituted by the church included a law that banned all gatherings or groupings with intentions of bringing the widow of the deceased person to outside the house unless such gathering was only taking place when returning from church or the cemetery location. However, the law provided roofer the family members in company of four women to bring the widow out. All those operating butchers were required to exercise and maintain highest level of hygiene by operating in non-smelling environment and failure to observe this attracted a fine of 10 pounds[23]. Flagellants and religious movements Black Death plague resulted into the development, rise, and spread of flagellants’ religious movements. It is believed flagellants movements started in Northern Italy before spreading to other Euro pean nations[24]. This movements attracted and appealed most to the monks who from their tradition had embraced self-mortification which top them was a way of identifying with the sufferings of Jesus Christ[25]. Many monks would whip themselves for thirty-three days, which resembled the years Jesus Christ lived and carried out his work and as atonement for the sins that had resulted into the Black Death. Early literatures on flagellant movements indicates that all classes participated and generally put on white robes and marched in barefoot in procession from one particular town to another while engaged in singing hymns and wielding iron-tipped scourges[26]. After the Black Death, the Jews became victims to the movement anger where the movement would associate the Jews to poisoning of wells[27]. Many members of the movement in instituting the punishing seen and believed to be carried out in order to avert the world from experiencing another disastrous plague would meet in market pla ces and participate in burning up the Jews[28]. Describing the movement after the Black Death, a religious historian, remarked that, â€Å"as the fervor mounted the messianic pretensions of the Flagellants became more pronounced. They began to claim that the movement must last for thirty-three years and end only with the redemption of Christendom and the arrival of the Millennium. Possessed by such chiliastic convictions they saw themselves more and more not as mortals suffering to expiate their own sins and humanity’s but as a holy army of Saints†[29]. The historian further note that the flagellant movement during this period graduated into a complex social phenomenon as its apocalyptic desires largely became manifested as motivation to personal mysticism, anticlericalism, and social revolutionary ideas that among its many issues pivoted on destruction of private wealth. Further, the movement became the bear or the symbol of European view and reaction to pandemic wher e they believed it was due to sinful acts of the Jews hence the movement took a greater part in persecuting the Jews[30]. Effects of Black Death on the Catholic Church Prior to the Black Death plague many Christians were undergoing persecution but a story detailing the tribulation of Sebastian who was a Roman soldier indicate that, after the plague many people resorted to accepting Christianity and abandoning their paganism nature[31]. When the Black Death plague struck, the Catholic Church accelerated efforts to raise money through the sell of masses for the dead and indulgences, which were believed, to pardon dead individual’s sins. Due to these activities, the church became a victim of heavy criticism where many religious leaders not in support of this move accused the church of hypocrisy[32]. In addition, the plague had a long-lasting effect on the religious thought as it resulted into despair throughout the entire family of Christianity. Many people re-visited their rela tionship with God and looked up to the church to mitigate the effects of the disease but more shocking to the Christianity family was the fact that even clerics died in great number from this disease. As a sign of lack of faith in church, the Catholic Church lost its earlier â€Å"prestige, breaking down blind allegiance to the church and setting the stage for the Protestant Reformation†[33]. As a result of the Black Death plague, the number and the quality of clergy decreased in number as more clergies succumbed to the deaths of the disease leading to the church to scramble in trying to fill the positions[34]. Lastly, the Catholic Church became largely to be associated with scandals that made its followers to severe relationship with the church. Many looked for new ways of how morality of societal values could be restored and in away to show their lack of faith and trust in the church they explored others avenues[35]. Conclusion Black Death plague has for a long time remaine d a significant period in the history of humankind. Its significance is traced to the devastating effects of the plague to the population of the humankind, the art world, and the literature materials. This is a period that Christianity foundations were shaken and severed, leading protestant reformation in later years. At the same time, this was the period when the flagellant movements translated its values and it become more involved in social issues; while at the same time, promoting persecution of the Jews. What became important feature of this plague is that the role and position of the church in society underwent tremendous transformation. People doubted the powers of the church since prayers seemed not to work and miracles to save people became scarce. Further, the responsibility of the church to take it upon itself the collection of tithes and sell of masses resulted in more discontent as more reports of corruption and misappropriation of funds became more pronounced among the followers. Attempts to rectify these anomalies failed as struggle for power and enrichment through corruption of alms and tithes heightened, the Catholic Church was unable to glue its fabrics that put it together, and reformations became inevitable which culminated in the split of the church. Bibliography Byrne, Joseph Patrick. The Black Death. CT, Greenwood Press, 2004. https://books.google.com/books?id=yw3HmjRvVQMCpg=PA200dq=In+the+Wake+of+the+Plaguehl=enei=h37OTIjCBYftObfUzbYBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=9ved=0CE8Q6AEwCA#v=onepageq=In%20the%20Wake%20of%20the%20Plaguef=false . Capinera, John. Encyclopedia of entomology. NY: Springer, 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=i9ITMiiohVQCpg=PA1814dq=Effects+of+the+Black+Death+plague+on+the+Catholic+Church.hl=enei=5cLOTLX8AomVOvjvzZUBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=Effects%20of%20the%20Black%20Death%20plague%20on%20the%20Catholic%20Church.f=true . Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies. Viator. Volume 5. CA: University of California Press, 1975. https://books.google.com/books?id=x2Wmgl8c6lgCpg=PA272dq=The+Black+Death+and+religious+understanding+of+the+plaguehl=enei=7J_OTJLJLsOeOv3c2IkBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=3ved=0CDEQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=The%20Black%20Death%20and%20religious%20understanding%20of%20the%20plaguef=false . Clarke, Howard. The Gospel of Matthew and its readers: a historical introduction to the first Gospel. IN: Indiana University Press, 2003. https://books.google.com/books?id=8q2ndc_9G8gCpg=PA229dq=steps+the+steps+Catholic+Church+used+to+contain+the+spread+of+Black+Death+plaguehl=enei=sabOTLKrJ4KhOoCn3dwBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=false . Hatty, Suzanne and Hatty, James. The disordered body: epidemic disease and cultural transformation. NY: SUNY Press, 1999. https://books.google.com/books?id=V0yJQXmGODgCpg=PA110dq=flagellants+movementshl=enei=RcHPTI27LpCdOvOyyMcEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=6ved=0CDsQ6AEwBQ#v=on epageqf=false . Horrox, Rosemary. The Black Death. UK: Manchester University Press, 1994. https://books.google.com/books?id=1O_PX2wVD0sCpg=PA150dq=BLACK+DEATH+AND+flagellants+movementshl=enei=AsTPTM_eH82XOvKtkPsEsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=5ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepageqf=false . Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe. Pistoia ‘Ordinances for Sanitation in a time of mortality’, 1994. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/pistoia.html .Slavicek, Louise Chipley. The Black Death. NY: Infobase Publishing. 2008. https://books.google.com/books?id=RYUQJfevEFMCpg=PA98dq=Effects+of+the+Black+Death+plague+on+the+Catholic+Church.hl=enei=5cLOTLX8AomVOvjvzZUBsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=1ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=onepageqf=true . Stewart, Cynthia. The Catholic Church: A Brief Popular History. Saint Mary’s Press. 2009. https://books.google.com/books?id=ZBZNXBWqdgECpg=PA219dq=Effects+of+the+Black+Death+plague+on+the+Catholic+Church.hl=enei=5cLOTLX8AomVOvjvzZUBsa=Xoi=book_re sultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEkQ6AEwBw#v=onepageqf=false .The Decameron Web. Religious Interpretations of the Causes of the Plague. Italian Studies Department, Brown University, 2010. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/causes/religious.php .Vidmar, John. The Catholic Church through ages: a history. NJ: Paulist Press, 2005. https://books.google.com/books?id=zENJHwQqSy0Cpg=PA156dq=Effects+of+the+Black+Death+plague+on+the+Catholic+Church.hl=enei=ydTOTPypA5CbOp6Wvd4Bsa=Xoi=book_resultct=resultresnum=8ved=0CEkQ6AEwBzgK#v=onepageqf=true . Footnotes Joseph, P. Byrne, The black death, (CT, Greenwood Press, 2004), p.33 Joseph, P. Byrne, ibid, p.33 The Decameron Web, Religious Interpretations of the Causes of the Plague (Italian Studies Department, Brown University, 2010. http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/plague/causes/religious.php The Decameron Web, ibid The Decameron Web, ibid The Decameron Web, ibid The Decameron Web, ibid The Decameron Web, i bid The Decameron Web, ibid,par.4 Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, Viator, Volume 5 (CA, University of California Press, 1975) p.272 Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ibid Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ibid, p.272 Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, Pistoia ‘Ordinances for Sanitation in a time of mortality’ 1994. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/pistoia.html. Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe, ibid Plague and Public Health in Renaissance Europe,ibid,par.6 Suzanne Hatty and James Hatty, The disordered body: epidemic disease and cultural transformation (NY, SUNY Press, 1999) p.118 Howard W. Clarke, The Gospel of Matthew and its readers: a historical introduction to the first Gospel (IN, Indiana University Press, 2003) p.229 Howard W. Clarke, ibid, p.229 Rosemary Horrox, The Black Death (UK, Manchester University Press, 1994) p.157 Howard W. Clarke, ibid Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ibid, p.273 Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, ibid Louise C. Slavicek, The Black Death (NY, Infobase Publishing, 2008) p.98 Louise C. Slavicek, ibid, p.98 John L. Capinera, Encyclopedia of entomology (NY, Springer, 2008) p.1814 John Vidmar, The Catholic Church through ages: a history (NJ, Paulist Press, 2005) p.157 Cynthia Stewart, The Catholic Church: A Brief Popular History (Saint Mary’s Press, 2009) p.221 This essay on The Catholic Church and the Black Death in the 14th Century was written and submitted by user Adalyn Trevino to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

North Star Essays

North Star Essays North Star Essay North Star Essay North Star Company is considering establishing a subsidiary to manufacture clothing in Singapore. Its sales would be invoiced in Singapore $. North Star Company expects to receive S$30 million after taxes as a result of selling the subsidiary at the end of year six. Fifty percent of the net cash flows to the subsidiary would be remitted to the parent while the remaining fifty percent would be reinvested to support ongoing operations. North Star anticipates a ten percent withholding tax on funds remitted to the United States. The first financing arrangement would include an initial investment of S$40 million by North Star. Any investment in working capital is to be assumed by the buyer in year six. The expected salvage value has already accounted for this transfer of working capital to the buyer in year six. The initial investment could be financed completely by the parent by converting $20 million at the present exchange rate of $. 50 per Singapore dollar to achieve S$40 million. North Star Company will go forward with its intentions to build the subsidiary only if it expects o achieve a return on its capital of 18 percent or more. The alternative arrangement requires the parent to provide $10 million which means that the subsidiary would need to barrow S$20 million. Under this scenario, the subsidiary would obtains a 20 year loan and pay interest S$ 1. 6 million per year. In addition, the forecasted proceeds to be received from the subsidiary (after taxes) at the end of six years would be S$ 20 million. Assume the parents required rate of return would still be 18 percent.

Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass

Kristallnacht - The Night of Broken Glass On November 9, 1938, Nazi Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels announced a government-sanctioned reprisal against the Jews. Synagogues were ravaged and then burned. Jewish shop windows were broken. Jews were beaten, raped, arrested, and murdered. Throughout Germany and Austria, the pogrom known as Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass) rampaged. The Damage Police and firefighters stood by as synagogues burned and Jews were beaten, only taking action to prevent the spread of fire to non-Jew owned property and to stop looters - upon SS officer Reinhard Heydrichs orders. The pogrom spanned the night of November 9 to 10. During this night 191 synagogues were set on fire. The damage to shop windows was estimated at $4 million U.S. dollars. Ninety-one Jews were murdered while 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to camps such as Dachau, Sachsenhausen, and Buchenwald. Why Did the Nazis Sanction the Pogrom? By 1938, the Nazis had been in power for five years and were hard at work trying to rid Germany of its Jews, attempting to make Germany Judenfrei (Jew free). Approximately 50,000 of the Jews living within Germany in 1938 were Polish Jews. The Nazis wanted to force the Polish Jews to move back to Poland, but Poland did not want these Jews either. On October 28, 1938, the Gestapo rounded up the Polish Jews within Germany, put them on transports, and then dropped them off on the Polish side of the Poland-Germany border (near Posen). With little food, water, clothing, or shelter in the middle of winter, thousands of these people died. Among these Polish Jews were the parents of seventeen-year-old Hershl Grynszpan. At the time of the transports, Hershl was in France studying. On November 7, 1938, Hershl shot Ernst vom Rath, the third secretary in the German embassy in Paris. Two days later, vom Rath died. The day vom Rath died, Goebbels announced the need for retaliation. What does the word Kristallnacht mean? Kristallnacht is a German word that consists of two parts: Kristall translates to crystal and refers to the look of broken glass and Nacht means night. The accepted English translation is the Night of Broken Glass.

Delta Airlines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Delta Airlines - Essay Example By 1953, Delta Airlines had expanded into the Southeast and were now serving the citizens and the southern airlines (Fojt, 2006). It took time for them to expand to the Northeast but by the early 1970s, all this was implemented (Partsch & Wellens, 2009). In 1956, they installed radars in all their aircrafts and later launched the Convair 880 jet service in 1960. The most significant strategy that Delta Airline undertook was merging with the Western Air Lines in 1986 that was hubbed in Salt Lake City. For the reason that Delta Airline’s management treated their employees well, they enjoyed amicable relations regarding their labor and a number of union contracts. There was high productivity, high work morale and excellent service that kept customers coming back and sticking to their services. In 1996, the motivated workers made an effort and dug from their pockets to but the company a jet. In 1997, Delta airlines introduced the Boeing 777s and became the first to board more than a hundred million passengers in one year. More advancement was made in the next year when they lay the foundation to include the first international cargo alliance with Swiss Cargo. They also installed automatic defibrillators on all their aircrafts. In 2003, Delta airlines became the first airline in America to provide pre-recorded audio information regarding flights at the gate (Katel, 2008). In 2005, the company filed for reorganization that is provided under chapter eleven of the bankruptcy code of the United States. In the same year, they started more expansions with more routes to the Caribbean and Latin American routes. After the expansions, the management decided to go into Africa and first invested on the Southern African side with flights to Dakar and Johannesburg South Africa. They were able to reemerge from bankruptcy in 2007 after they defeated the takeover by the US Airways. Delta merged with

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 423

Assignment Example As much as this is a sad state, news organizations actually knew that the digital movement would come by some day and this should thus not appear shocking at all (Naquin, 2015). In that light, although news organizations may seek government’s help in making newspapers still viable, many are of the opinion that this will not be possible since they are now obsolete in nature (Naquin, 2015). In the course of gauging effectiveness or rather the impact of advertising campaigns over the internet, there are various challenges that managers face. One of the challenges is that the various digital channels possess different effectiveness and thus relying on one particular channel may give a false reflection of an advertisement’s impact (Fisher, 2012). Another challenge is that most marketers still rely upon the native metrics such as the click-through-rate or looking at page views over the internet to gauge success yet Agencies in the USA contend that such acts as the intent to buy or recalling of a brand are actually the most successful methods that one would use to gauge online success (Fisher, 2012). Therefore, if I were a manager I would rely upon sales metrics as the most efficient way of gauging efficiency of my campaigns and as well incorporate the traditional metrics so that I can have a 360 degree view of the performance (Fisher, 2012). Fisher, L. (2012).Quantifying Digital Brand Ad Effectiveness: Finding the Right Mix of Meaningful Metrics. e-Marketer.Retrieved from Naquin, C. (2015). â€Å"Newspapers: towards the end of the traditional  medium?† Culture Exchange. Retrieved from

Polymorphism In Object Oriented Design Information Technology Essay

Polymorphism In Object Oriented Design Information Technology Essay In large scale organizations measuring software quality is complex for the development of software product. High quality software would enhance the potential reuse of the software and reduce the software maintenance cost. Many of the presently available software metrics are applicable when the particular software product Polymorphism has been assured to improve reusability technique which is achieved through the POF, Polymorphism factor derived from the MOOD (Metrics for Object oriented design) metric. II BACKGROUND Software metrics are considered as key facts or ways to measure any kind of software product from the starting phase to the obsolete phase. These software metrics are available and used throughout the project to assess the software quality, cost estimation and time consuming to develop a software project. It is declared that the Traditional metrics are not applicable to Object Oriented design since Object Oriented Software metrics are applicable to class level and other characteristics such as abstraction, inheritance, modularity and Polymorphism. These metrics convey the software engineer how the modifications can be made in order to reduce the cost effectively and time consuming while designing software and to improve the quality, continuing capability and profitability of the software. In [7] nearly 100 metrics had already given to find out the complexity of the software code and in [8] they were more than 150 metrics are proposed in the field of Object oriented paradigm. The Object Oriented software metrics are differentiated into two types namely Static and Dynamic. Dynamic and Static code analysis are done during source code reviews. Static metrics are derived from the measurement on static analysis of the software code. Static code analysis is performed without executing any of the code. Static analysis is better to understand the security problems within the program code and can easily identify nearly 85% of the flaws in the programming code. Dynamic metrics are derived from the measurement on dynamic analysis of the software code. Dynamic analysis is based on the studying of the code behavior during execution. Earlier major work was focused on static metrics but more attention has given to Dynamic metrics as the results are derived at run time. In this binding it can be substitute to forms or objects that are related to polymorphism factor at the time of execution. III FORMS OF POLYMORPHISM Polymorphism is considered as one of the salient features of Object oriented Programming languages. This feature mainly deals with reusability technique. In object oriented analysis Polymorphism roots from message passing, substitutability and inheritance which yields to is-a relationship. This similarity may allow achieving variety of technologies like code sharing and reusability. Mainly Polymorphism is differentiated into 5 types in Object Oriented paradigm like generics, pure polymorphism, overloading, deferred methods and overriding, Both Polymorphic classes and methods are known as Generics. This paper mainly focuses on three definitions mainly Overloading, Overriding and pure polymorphism. Pure polymorphism is achieved by implementing same function to different types of arguments. Method overriding is possible when the implementation suggested in the super class is modified in the sub class. Next to that method overloading is achieved when different methods having same name. Method overloading is also known as Adhoc Polymorphism. The differentiation on Polymorphic behaviors in C++ are related to runtime binding decisions which are overriding methods or virtual functions and compile time linked decisions which are over loading functions. From this design polymorphic functions are categorize into different types. The Polymorphic member functions can formerly defined as where in a new declaration these characteristics may alter while the other remains the same. This will generate different types of Polymorphic implementations that affect the quality on Object Oriented paradigm. A) Pure Polymorphism This behavior is also known as parametric overloading where it can be identified similar name with different signature which is inside the class scope. This behavior inside a class scope is identified by implementing more functions with other signatures. B) Static Polymorphism In Object Oriented design methods related to similar name but with other method signature can be identified in other classes related and which are unlinked by inheritance relationships, which is also known as Overriding behavior. In C++ they can be categorized overriding methods into two different forms like virtual and non-virtual methods. The non -virtual overriding functions can be identified by other signatures which are related to other declarations. As they are based on Static binding can be called this from static Polymorphism. C) Dynamic Polymorphism This behavior has the capability to use the similar name with similar signature in an overriding function. In C++ it is called as adhoc polymorphism as it invokes run time decisions at execution by the compiler. Combination and Specialization are the two features derived from the Object Oriented design which results Dynamic and Static Polymorphism. The polymorphism forms discussed above consists single perspective where each pattern may be identified and combined to achieve class inheritance relationships. Fig 1. Simple Inheritance. Simple Inheritance states that one Parent can have many children, but each child can only have one Parent. Fig 1 illustrates that A is a Parent, B and C are Children to Parent A. Likewise P and Q are children to Parent B and M and N are children to Parent C Table 1 shows the derived set of metrics where it can be taken as the combination of dynamic and static polymorphism forms with respective to the simple inheritance relationship [2]. IV POLYMORPHISM FORMS METRICS Metrics Definition SPD Static Polymorphism in Descendants. DPA Dynamic Polymorphism in Ancestors DPD Dynamic Polymorphism in Descendants SPA Static Polymorphism in Ancestors. OVO Overloading in Standalone classes Table 1 In Object Orientation paradigm, generic methods and classes are able to decrease the description of newly created objects and classes. The OVO (Overloading in Stand-alone classes) metric is designed to calculate the intensity of method genericity in a class scope by numbering and calculating the function members which designed the same function. The Static and Dynamic metrics are designed to calculate each Static and Dynamic binding separately in Object oriented paradigm. Example 1 Class P { void a (int k); void a (float l); void a (int i , int l); void b (); void b (int n); } Class Q : public P { void a (); } Class R : public Q { void a (); void b(); } Class S { void a (); } A) Data Validation In order to validate Polymorphism metrics, product metric validation methodology is very useful to validate other suits of Object Oriented design metrics. This validation represents the capability of polymorphism metrics to predict the fault prone functions. Here the data is gathered from an open multi-agent systems development environment, known as LALO. [2] LALO has been maintaining its development since from 1993 at CRIM (Computer Research Institute for Montreal) where it approximately includes 40k source lines of code and 85 C++ classes. Here the analysis has been obtained from the Source Lines of Code, information about its classes and fault related data. B) Descriptive Statistics Table 2 shows the analysis for descriptive statistics which are related to Polymorphism metrics. Due to the reason that LALO objects contains very low and minor inheritance depth and week variance has been calculated from the descendants of polymorphism namely SPD and DPD. Here it is confirmed that week distribution of polymorphic forms is due to low usage of inheritance in LALO classes. Metric Max Min Mean Median StdDev OVO 15.00 0.00 3.47 3 2.71 SPA 18.00 0.00 3.54 1 4.63 SPD 111.00 0.00 3.73 0 13.87 DPA 5.00 0.00 0.73 0 1.29 DPD 28.00 0.00 0.77 0 3.35 SP 111.00 0.00 7.28 3.5 13.90 DP 28.00 0.00 1.50 0 3.49 Table 2 C) Polymorphism metrics and MOOD metrics Table 3 shows the correlation among the five polymorphism metrics and POF (Polymorphism factor) measurement derived from the MOOD (Metrics for Object oriented Design) metrics [6]. As per the analysis the POF from the MOOD metrics, SPA and DPA metrics from the Polymorphism metrics are maximum correlated as they captured the same forms of polymorphism namely overriding. OVO, SPD, DPD and POF have very poor correlation. OVO SP DP SPA SPD DPA DPD Pof .06 .50 .42 .98 .02 .72 .00 Table 3 D) Correlation between Polymorphism metrics. SPA and DPA calculates the count of member functions that are overridden between a class scope and its ancestors. This states that dynamic polymorphism and static polymorphism have similar quality impact in ancestors relationship. Since DP and SP are counted from the metrics SPA, DPD, DPA and SPD where DPA and SPA are nearly correlated and DPD and SPD calculations are not statically specified in the dataset and the expectations are SP would be maximum correlated with DP. SPA SPD DPA DPD SP DP OVO .06 .05 .04 .07 0 0 SPA 1.0 .03 .71 .00 .51 .42 SPD 1.0 .01 .67 .27 .13 DPA 1.0 .00 .43 .63 DPD 1.0 .22 .29 SP 1.0 .70 Table 4 F) Relation between Polymorphism metrics and Chidamber and Kemerer metrics. Here is the comparison between Chidamber and Kemerer (CK) metrics and Polymorphism metrics [9]. The six CK metrics are RFC Response for a Class. DIT Class Depth Inheritance Tree. CBO Coupling between Class. WMC Weighted Method per Class. NOC Number of Children. LCOM Lack of Cohesion among methods. a) DIT DIT is used to calculate maximum tree depth from class to root class. The high DIT has been found to lead more faults. However, more the tree depth, more the reusability factor because of method inheritance. Fig 2 Fig 3 Fig 4 Fig2 resembles simple inheritance where each parent can have more than one child but each child must have only one parent. In Fig3 P and Q are combined and inherited from Parent A and Fig4 shows high DIT as it illustrates high tree depth inheritance. b) NOC NOC counts the immediate sub-classes of a root class. As maximum DIT indicates the high tree depth, NOC counts the breath of the class hierarchy. High NOC increases the number of child classes, high reuse of the Base class is possible. High NOC has been found to lead low number of faults because of high reuse of Base class which is more desirable. Table 4 shows the values to compare only two CK metric represents a relation with two polymorphic metrics [2]. The highly related pair of metrics is NOC-SPD. Also the highly correlated metrics is DIT-SPA where these two relations are highly expected. Table4 Children in the classes are counted by NOC metric. Level of coupling is measured by SPD metric due to static Polymorphism having its descendants. Due to static polymorphism chances of having coupling is higher as greater the number of children. Inheritance depth tree is calculated in a class by using DIT metric. As per the static polymorphism, level of coupling with class R in Example 1 and its ancestors is measured by metric SPA. While measuring different forms of class dependencies in Polymorphism, it is observed that CBO represents a very low correlation with polymorphism metric which is calculating algorithm class coupling. Hence it is confirmed that the polymorphism metrics can get variety of variations of class scope coupling which are not highly captured by CBO metric [2]. A backward and forward logistic regression is performed while examine the relationship between CK metrics and Polymorphism metrics [2]. By combining these two Object oriented metrics a significant methodology related to fault prone class has been implemented. V REUSE, REUSEABILITY METRICS IN POLYMORPHISM As I discussed earlier, Reusability is the key concept to achieve Polymorphism, following are the metrics discussed under the concern of Reusability [1]. The key factor of developing and upgrading software by using the existing software has made our Engineers to focus more on systematic re-use where the organizations can make most benefit and get extensive advantage from the idea of reusability. A) Reuse and Reusability Metrics Reuse metric is obtained from number of efforts that takes place in the research area on economics of reuse. If the return on investment is positive then it can be analyzed that reuse is beneficial. It consists of maintaining the cost for reusing the libraries, modifying costs and reusable maintenance from the existing property, cost of searching, evaluating, identifying, integrating and selecting the potential articrafts. Different economic metrics has been introduced to measure the reuse metric which implements the cost benefit ratio. Durek and Gaffneys reuse metric based on economic factor is proposed and useful to measure the break -even point and the reusability cost. COCOMO based reuse model is used to calculate the total time that takes to implement the software with the functionality of reuse which is proposed by Gustafson and Balda [1]. Durek and Gaffneys reuse economic metric is represented as C= (b+E/n-1) R+1 Where C = Cost related to Software Development, usually less than 1. R = ratio of the reused code in the project. E = Cost to make code reusable, which is cost related to new code which is used to develop a component for reuse. B = reusing existing code in the project where the cost related to new code like adaption, searching and adaption cost. n=the number of reuses expected. As our interest is ultimately in measuring the cost but these metric needs the cost of creating the reused articrafts as input. B) Reuse Metric Level This reuse level metric is introduced by Frakes which implements threshold levels to gather and remove the items which are not reused very often. Suppose if the threshold level is 4 the object should be called 5 times for reuse. This metric also varies between the external and internal level. Total reuse level=Internal + External level. External reuse level=EU/T and Internal reuse level=IU/T. T=both internal and external items in the system. IU=number of reused external items EU=number of reused internal items. Each reused item which is EU and IU must have the values either 0 or 1.If the threshold level is less than the item reused then the value is always 1 or else it will be 0.This measure does not consider the number of items reused. Here this metric uses item instead of SLOC, as each item varies, some item would be large or small when compare to other items. In the later version of this metric, depending upon the size of the item, assigned a weight to each item. This is done because the threshold levels should be same in order to compare the projects. C) Measuring Polymorphism As the process would vary from execution to execution, the problem is with while measuring polymorphism, exactly what happens within an application. Example 2 List l; If(condition){ l=new ArrayList(); } else l=new Linked List(); l.add(); In Example 2, the Linked List implementation and the Array List implementation depends on the external condition. There is no prediction that the condition is always satisfied, with the implementation of the polymorphism. Dynamic analysis is the right way to measure polymorphism as it gathers the information at run time. Following is the metric that defines the amount of polymorphism has occurred [1]. PBI=UPD/Total Dispatches. Where PBI=Polymorphic Behavior Index. TD=UPD+NP. UPD= Polymorphic Dispatches that are unique NP=Non-polymorphic dispatches that are unique. TD=Total Dispatches. In the above example, List l=new Array List (); The List interface will declare the variable l and it is said to be Declared Interface. If the condition is true. Then Array List () is the Dispatched class in this Example. Both the Class and Interface are different and the relationship can be given as Conforms and implements. An interface might not directly implement by a class, it can be accessible through parent class. The actual method which is processed is the deepest inherited implementation of the method. Example 3 Class A{ void method 1(){} } Class B extends A{ B b=new B(); b.method1(); } The b.method1 () is dispatched to A.method1 () because it is the deepest inherited implementation method. Polymorphic Dispatch will be observed when the Dispatched Class and declared interface, both are different. Non -Polymorphic Dispatch is observed when the Dispatched Class is same as the declared interface. Example.4 Interface P{ a (); } Class Sample inherits P{ a();{} b();{} } Class Sample2 extends Sample{ b();{ super(); } } When Sample sp=new Sample(); sp.a(); The sp variable relates to a Sample object. The Sample class consists method a() implementation, so Sample.a() will be dispatched. The Dispatch class, Sample is same as the declared interface, so this is considered to be a Non-Polymorphic dispatch. Sample2 sp2=new Sample2 (); sp2.a(); Since sp2 relates to an object of type Sample2 the dispatched method is Sample a ().Although Sample2 not requires a method a() implementation ,Sample.a() is the deepest inherited implementation method. Sample is the class that is dispatched here. This is Polymorphic dispatch as the Dispatched class is Sample and declared interface is Sample 2. P sp3=new sample(); sp3.a(); Here in this case, since Sample.a() is dispatched, the Dispatched class is Sample and Declared interface is P . As Dispatched class Sample and Declared interface P both are different this is Polymorphic Dispatch. D) Inherited Method Call using Inherited Class. Sample sp4= new Sample2(); sp4.a(); Here the dispatched method is Sample. a () while declared interface of sp4 is Sample. So this is considered to be a Non polymorphic dispatch as both the declared interface and Dispatch class is same, Sample. Sample sp5=new Sample2(); sp5.b(); Here sp5 implements the inherited method b() from Sample2. Sample2.b() overrides the Samples b() and this inheritance substitutes the functionality from the Samples b() method, Here, dispatched method is Sample2.b() as it is the deepest implementation method . Hence it is known as Polymorphic dispatch as the Dispatch class is Sample2 and declared interface is Sample means both are different. ` VI INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL REUSE Software reuse is often differentiated as External reuse and internal reuse. Considering internal reuse, these are the calls made to the desired code that is previously mentioned for the given application. External reuse is considered when calling the code that is coming from external source to the application of the project. When comparing both the internal and external reuse, external is more beneficial than internal.But both internal and external reuse are been used, for instance if the developer reusing the same method rather than developing new methods which performs the same action. Internal methods are created by the application developers, which are defined as methods. Internal methods also include implementing the custom code extending the API and the API interface. When any method calls an internal method then internal method call is generated. Generally it happens internal methods calling to internal methods. Sometimes API will call these internal methods when these methods are passed as handlers into the API.As this external method to internal method calling is a strategy of application developers decision, these are still considered as an internal method call. External methods are obtained from external source where developers cannot modify it, which includes external libraries and API. Suppose if internal method calling an external method then call to the external method is generated. Here it must not be considered external to external method calling. Example 5 Class sample extends java.lang.Thread { void method p () { method q (); } void method q (String s) { System.out.println (This is an Example); } public void run () { method p (); } public static void main(String args[]) { this .start() } In Example 5 when the Sample class is executed, Java launcher calls the main () method. As the Sample class extends thread class and calling the start () function will insert the Thread class in Java Scheduler. As a consequence Java scheduler calls run () method, where the run () calls the method p (), which in turns calls the method q().method q() internally calls the System.out.println(). For instance when System.out.println () is executed, many internal API callings will happen like PrintWriter called by String Buffer. However these are not considered as external or internal method calls. VII TOOLS FOR SOFTWARE METRICS Fig 5 Process for Dynamic Metrics A) E-MTRACE The process of evaluating the Polymorphism metric is the comparison held in same domain of Polymorphism with two software applications, where it is manually determined by the source code to examine their reusability and reuse issues of performance. In order to avoid or remove unnecessary values like system method calling that is invoked by JVM there is a need of filter. The data which is filtered is examined to recognize non-polymorphic and also polymorphic dispatches from where the values are derived. The tool that is implemented to capture all this related information is known as E-MTRACE [1].This tool uses JVMTI, JVM Tool Interface that is examined and control s the process of execution running in the JVM (Java Virtual Machine). File Hook is used to insert the byte codes into methods.JVM is interrupted by the File Hook, when the JVM is loading java .class file to heap. The File Hook inserts the profiling instrumentation code and interprets .class file before calling any method. During runtime the instrumentation code can be inserted. The instrumentation code is executed while calling a method. The program stack is used by the instrumentation code to recognize the Dispatch class. Then to trace the Declared interface it uses the Local Variable Table. EMTRACE Analyzer tool would be processed, once the Dispatched class and the Declared Interface are identified, which evaluate the list of non polymorphic and polymorphic dispatches results. B) Resharper and CodeRush. Resharper and CodeRush are the tools available to extend the native functionality of Microsoft Visual Studio latest versions These tools executes the static analysis of the code like error detection without compiling the code. These tools provides enhanced features like error correction, code generation, syntax highlighting, optimization, formatting and many other features. VIII CONCLUSION Considering quality factor, it is not an easy task to examine and to avoid the complexity, several properties mainly Polymorphism factor in Object oriented design has proposed and paid special attention by Application developers and Software Engineering Society. This Paper mainly discussed on Polymorphism metrics related to Static and Dynamic behavior with respect to Object Oriented Analysis [2] and focused on the Comparison among Chidamber Kemmerer metrics, MOOD(Metrics for Object Oriented Design) metrics and Polymorphism metrics. It is noted that (NOC-SPD) (DIT-SPA) from Chidamber Kemmerer and Polymorphism metrics are highly correlated [2]. In addition to that this Paper also discusses about tools like E-MTRACE which deals with Polymorphic behavior. E-MTRACE is a tool that is developed to measure java applications [1]. This Polymorphic behavior metric is used to examine the interface that has most polymorphic dispatches. So these interfaces may introduce the basis for new technology frameworks and APIs. Moreover, it is necessary to note that the metrics and measures capture the valuable related data from the starting phases of the product development lifecycle giving Engineers a chance to evaluate early fault prone area and advancing the quality factor and to maintain the continuing capability of Software product.

Introduction Internet Protocol Suite Essay

The Internet protocol suite is the set of communications protocols used for the Internet and similar networks, and generally the most popularprotocol stack for wide area networks. It is commonly known as TCP/IP, because of its most important protocols: Transmission Control Protocol(TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), which were the first networking protocols defined in this standard. It is occasionally known as the DoD model due to the foundational influence of the ARPANET in the 1970s (operated by DARPA, an agency of the United States Department of Defense). TCP/IP provides end-to-end connectivity specifying how data should be formatted, addressed, transmitted, routed and received at the destination. It has four abstraction layers, each with its own protocols. From lowest to highest, the layers are: The link layer (commonly Ethernet) contains communication technologies for a local network. The internet layer (IP) connects local networks, thus establishing internetworking. The transport layer (TCP) handles host-to-host communication. See more: introduction paragraph example The application layer (for example HTTP) contains all protocols for specific data communications services on a process-to-process level (for example how a web browser communicates with a web server). The TCP/IP model and related protocols are maintained by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). SRI First Internetworked Connection diagram Layers in the Internet protocol suite Two Internet hosts connected via two routers and the corresponding layers used at each hop. The application on each host executes read and write operations as if the processes were directly connected to each other by some kind of data pipe. Every other detail of the communication is hidden from each process. The underlying mechanisms that transmit data between the host computers are located in the lower protocol layers. Encapsulation of application data descending through the layers described in RFC 1122 The Internet protocol suite uses encapsulation to provide abstraction of protocols and services. Encapsulation is usually aligned with the division of the protocol suite into layers of general functionality. In general, an application (the highest level of the model) uses a set of protocols to send its data down the layers, being further encapsulated at each level. The â€Å"layers† of the protocol suite near the top are logically closer to the user application, while those near the bottom are logically closer to the physical transmission of the data. Viewing layers as providing or consuming a service is a method ofabstraction to isolate upper layer protocols from the nitty-gritty detail of transmitting bits over, for example, Ethernet and collision detection, while the lower layers avoid having to know the details of each and every application and its protocol. Even when the layers are examined, the assorted architectural documents—there is no single architectural model such as ISO 7498, the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model—have fewer and less rigidly defined layers than the OSI model, and thus provide an easier fit for real-world protocols. In point of fact, one frequently referenced document, RFC 1958, does not contain a stack of layers. The lack of emphasis on layering is a strong difference between the IETF and OSI approaches. It only refers to the existence of the â€Å"internetworking layer† and generally to â€Å"upper layers†; this document was intended as a 1996 â€Å"snapshot† of the architecture: â€Å"The Internet and its architecture have grown in evolutionary fashion from modest beginnings, rather than from a Grand Plan. While this process of evolution is one of the main reasons for the technology’s success, it nevertheless seems useful to record a snapshot of the current principles of the Internet architecture. RFC 1122, entitled Host Requirements, is structured in paragraphs referring to layers, but the document refers to many other architectural principles not emphasizing layering. It loosely defines a four-layer model, with the layers having names, not numbers, as follows: †¢Application layer (process-to-process): This is the scope within which applications create user data and communicate this data to other processes or applications on another or the same host. The communications partners are often called peers. This is where the â€Å"higher level† protocols such as SMTP, FTP, SSH, HTTP, etc. operate. †¢Transport layer (host-to-host): The transport layer constitutes the networking regime between two network hosts, either on the local network or on remote networks separated by routers. The transport layer provides a uniform networking interface that hides the actual topology (layout) of the underlying network connections. This is where flow-control, error-correction, and connection protocols exist, such as TCP. This layer deals with opening and maintaining connections between Internet hosts. Internet layer (internetworking): The internet layer has the task of exchanging datagrams across network boundaries. It is therefore also referred to as the layer that establishes internetworking, indeed, it defines and establishes the Internet. This layer defines the addressing and routing structures used for the TCP/IP protocol suite. The primary protocol in this scope is the Internet Protocol, which defines IP addresses. Its function in routing is to transport datagrams to the next IP router that has the connectivity to a network closer to the final data destination. Link layer: This layer defines the networking methods within the scope of the local network link on which hosts communicate without intervening routers. This layer describes the protocols used to describe the local network topology and the interfaces needed to effect transmission of Internet layer datagrams to next-neighbor hosts. (cf. the OSI data link layer). The Internet protocol suite and the layered protocol stack design were in use before the OSI model was established. Since then, the TCP/IP model has been compared with the OSI model in books and classrooms, which often results in confusion because the two models use different assumptions, including about the relative importance of strict layering. This abstraction also allows upper layers to provide services that the lower layers cannot, or choose not, to provide. Again, the original OSI model was extended to include connectionless services (OSIRM CL). For example, IP is not designed to be reliable and is a best effort delivery protocol. This means that all transport layer implementations must choose whether or not to provide reliability and to what degree. UDP provides data integrity (via a checksum) but does not guarantee delivery; TCP provides both data integrity and delivery guarantee (by retransmitting until the receiver acknowledges the reception of the packet). This model lacks the formalism of the OSI model and associated documents, but the IETF does not use a formal model and does not consider this a limitation, as in the comment by David D. Clark, â€Å"We reject: kings, presidents and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code. † Criticisms of this model, which have been made with respect to the OSI model, often do not consider ISO’s later extensions to that model. 1. For multiaccess links with their own addressing systems (e. g. Ethernet) an address mapping protocol is needed. Such protocols can be considered to be below IP but above the existing link system. While the IETF does not use the terminology, this is a subnetwork dependent convergence facility according to an extension to the OSI model, the internal organization of the network layer (IONL). . ICMP & IGMP operate on top of IP but do not transport data like UDP or TCP. Again, this functionality exists as layer management extensions to the OSI model, in its Management Framework (OSIRM MF) . 3. The SSL/TLS library operates above the transport layer (uses TCP) but below application protocols. Again, there was no intention, on the part of the designers of these protocols, to comply with OSI architecture. 4. The link is treated like a black box here. This is fine for discussing IP (since the whole point of IP is it will run over virtually anything). The IETF explicitly does not intend to discuss transmission systems, which is a less academic but practical alternative to the OSI model. The following is a description of each layer in the TCP/IP networking model starting from the lowest level. Link layer The link layer is the networking scope of the local network connection to which a host is attached. This regime is called the link in Internet literature. This is the lowest component layer of the Internet protocols, as TCP/IP is designed to be hardware independent. As a result TCP/IP is able to be implemented on top of virtually any hardware networking technology. The link layer is used to move packets between the Internet layer interfaces of two different hosts on the same link. The processes of transmitting and receiving packets on a given link can be controlled both in the software device driver for the network card, as well as on firmware or specialized chipsets. These will perform data link functions such as adding a packet header to prepare it for transmission, then actually transmit the frame over a physical medium. The TCP/IP model includes specifications of translating the network addressing methods used in the Internet Protocol to data link addressing, such as Media Access Control (MAC), however all other aspects below that level are implicitly assumed to exist in the link layer, but are not explicitly defined. This is also the layer where packets may be selected to be sent over a virtual private network or other networking tunnel. In this scenario, the link layer data may be considered application data which traverses another instantiation of the IP stack for transmission or reception over another IP connection. Such a connection, or virtual link, may be established with a transport protocol or even an application scope protocol that serves as a tunnel in the link layer of the protocol stack. Thus, the TCP/IP model does not dictate a strict hierarchical encapsulation sequence. Internet layer The internet layer has the responsibility of sending packets across potentially multiple networks. Internetworking requires sending data from the source network to the destination network. This process is called routing In the Internet protocol suite, the Internet Protocol performs two basic functions: †¢Host addressing and identification: This is accomplished with a hierarchical addressing system (see IP address). †¢Packet routing: This is the basic task of sending packets of data (datagrams) from source to destination by sending them to the next network node (router) closer to the final destination. The internet layer is not only agnostic of application data structures at the transport layer, but it also does not distinguish between operation of the various transport layer protocols. So, IP can carry data for a variety of different upper layer protocols. These protocols are each identified by a unique protocol number: for example, Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) are protocols 1 and 2, respectively. Some of the protocols carried by IP, such as ICMP (used to transmit diagnostic information about IP transmission) and IGMP (used to manage IP Multicast data) are layered on top of IP but perform internetworking functions. This illustrates the differences in the architecture of the TCP/IP stack of the Internet and the OSI model. The internet layer only provides an unreliable datagram transmission facility between hosts located on potentially different IP networks by forwarding the transport layer datagrams to an appropriate next-hop router for further relaying to its destination. With this functionality, the internet layer makes possible internetworking, the interworking of different IP networks, and it essentially establishes the Internet. The Internet Protocol is the rincipal component of the internet layer, and it defines two addressing systems to identify network hosts computers, and to locate them on the network. The original address system of the ARPANET and its successor, the Internet, is Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4). It uses a 32-bit IP address and is therefore capable of identifying approximately four billion hosts. This limitation was eliminated by the standardization of Internet Protoc ol version 6 (IPv6) in 1998, and beginning production implementations in approximately 2006.

Taking a Look at Greece - 531 Words

Research Paper Greece Greece is a thriving country, but if it wasn’t for its beautiful islands, seas, and mountains, Greece would not be as strong of a country today. All these factors have helped Greece grow as a country. Throughout history, various mountains such as Mount Olympus and seas such as the Mediterranean have played an important role in the development of Greece history and culture. Greece is a country that is surrounded by mostly water, and the sea has played an important role in its history ( Ancient Greek Colonization..†). The ancient Greeks were often known to be called â€Å"seafarers† looking for opportunities for trade and founding new coastal sites along the Mediterranean sea. Trading stations were the furthest outposts of Greek culture. At these trading stations, Greek goods, such as bronze, silver, olive oil, wine and pottery were exchanged for more luxurious items (â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization..†). Also, well-established maritime routes around the Mediterranean sea enabled foreigners to travel to Greece. After the military campaign of Alexander the Great, a lot more intense trade routes were opened across Asia. These trade routes extended as far as Afghanistan and the Indus River Valley (â€Å"Ancient Greek Colonization..†). Not only did these trade routes help with trading goods, it always helped in introducing Greece t o new cultures and in spreading Greek culture throughout Europe.The spread of these cultures can be known as cultural diffusionShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Michael Lewiss Liar Poker 1467 Words   |  6 Pagesfascinating for those readers who rarely read the business pages or watch financial news channels. His familiarity with finance combined with a talent of a travel writer helps Mr. Lewis to give his readers a guided tour to the new third world: Iceland, Greece, Ireland, Germany, and California. 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